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Fundamental Issues in the use of by-products in animal nutrition


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Use of by-products with regard to sustainable development


Utilization of by-products in animal nutrition - from its beginning up to the white paper of food safety

 

 

 

J. Kamphues
Institut für Tierernährung,
Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15,
D-30173 Hannover

Abstract

Aim of this contribution is a short description on the history of using by-products in animal nutrition. Since the beginning of keeping animals people were faced with the question of available and suitable feedstuffs. During long periods of the history feed shortage and insufficient feed quality were limiting the food production on the basis of animals. Especially herbivorous species were used to convert fibrous plant material (for example straw) in edible products like meat or milk. Omnivorous species (especially pigs) were housed to produce meat on the basis of by-products of food (like bran a.s.o.).

In the future the question will be, how to increase the use of those products for animal feed which cannot be used by humans, (e.g. organic substances with a high fibre content) or which are not desired/intended for direct human consumption, and which therefore are being used decreasingly (cf. the parts of slaughtered animals that are actually consumed by people).

At the global level, the reasons to push for recycling of organic by-products and "wastes" in animal nutrition fall into two different and complementary trends: In highly-developed industrialized regions of the world the use of such products as unusual feedstuffs permits more economical and ecological disposal, while in the "poorer" countries this is a way to augment both quantity and quality of feed supply. Many by-products and waste substances from the production, processing and consumption of food and beverages can potentially be used by animals. As the production and processing of food becomes more and more industrialised, the sources of supply are increasingly located near large urban centres, i.e. near the demand. This in turn logistically enhances the conditions for industrializing the processing of by-products as animal feed.

Since the beginning of the 20th century the utilization of by-products as feed was accompanied by efforts in feed legislation to avoid negative effects on animals` health and the quality of food. In the last decade the use of by-products in animal feeding is more and more on debate especially due to skandals like BSE and dioxine. Consequently on that the white paper for food safety was published by the EU commission, it will influence the utilization of by-products in the future. There will be several conflicting aims. On the one hand the utilization is intended due to ecological and economical reasons, on the other hand the use of by-products will be impaired more and more due to a reduced "social acceptance", i.e. the willingness of people to accept food from animals that were fed some groups of by-products (for example meat and bone meal).

  Zusammenfassung

Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist ein kurzer Abriss zur Entwicklung der Rahmenbedingungen für die Verwertung von Nebenprodukten in der Tierernährung. Mit Beginn der Haltung von Haustieren stellte sich die Frage nach den hierfür erforderlichen Futtermitteln. Besonders vorteilhaft waren dabei schon immer Systeme, in denen Rohstoffe zu wertvollen Lebensmitteln wurden, die vom Menschen nicht direkt verwertbar sind (Wiederkäuer: rohfaserreiche Materialien) oder deren Nutzung nicht geschätzt/ abgelehnt wird. Mit zunehmender Verfügbarkeit von Lebensmitteln und steigendem Wohlstand wachsen die Mengen an Nebenprodukten, die entweder als Abfälle zu entsorgen sind oder bei prinzipieller Eignung und adäquater Aufbereitung zu wertvollen Futtermitteln werden. Mit zunehmender Bedeutung von Nebenprodukten als Handelsfuttermittel ergab sich - zum Schutz vor Täuschung, der Tiergesundheit und der Lebensmittelqualität - die Notwendigkeit entsprechender gesetzlicher Regelungen (Deutschland: Futtermittelgesetz 1926). In jüngster Zeit - s. BSE und Dioxin - steht die Verwertung von Nebenprodukten zunehmend unter öffentlicher Kritik. Als Reaktion darauf kam es auf EU-Ebene zu dem Weißbuch zur Lebensmittelsicherheit (12.01.2000). In diesem werden insbesondere die politischen Intentionen deutlich, die für die Nebenproduktverwertung als Futtermittel von erheblicher Bedeutung sein werden. Dabei ist es vermutlich von enormer Tragweite, dass Entscheidungen (Rechtssetzung) sich nicht ausschließlich auf wissenschaftliche Urteile stützen, sondern auch auf "eine Einschätzung der in der Gesellschaft vorherrschenden Wünsche und Bedürfnisse". Vor diesem Hintergrund sind für die Nebenproduktnutzung als Futtermittel entsprechende Zielkonflikte zu erwarten (Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz mit dem Ziel der Rückführung in Rohstoffkreisläufe -> Vorbehalte auf Seiten der Verbraucher, mangelnde gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz).


Development of a methodical algorithm for calculation of regional available by-products, exemplarily shown for the Federal State of Saxony


Official control of hygienic conditions for preparing by-products of animal origin as feedstuffs


Mycotoxins in by-products of cereal processing industry


Dioxins in feedingstuffs


Heavy metals in by-products of plant and animal origin



 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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